A processor is the logic circuitry that responds to and processes the basic instructions that drive a computer.
There are two primary manufacturers of computer microprocessors. Intel and Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) lead the market in terms of speed and quality. Intel's desktop CPUs include Celeron, Pentium, and Core. AMD's desktop processors include Sempron, Athlon, and Phenom. Intel makes Celeron M, Pentium M, and Core mobile processors for notebooks. AMD makes mobile versions of its Sempron and Athlon, as well as the Turion mobile processor which comes in Ultra and Dual-Core versions. Both companies make both single-core and multi-core processors.

A processor can be said to be a HEART of the computing process....

Types of processors..If you meant it in brands

Celeron, Pentium, AMD, Cyrux...

Regards

A processor is a primary chip inside a computer and it contains the digital circuitry. A processor executes all the programs and the instructions inside the computer. The processor is also embedded in the small devices and in the personal computers and is known as microprocessor. Its speed is measured in the Gigahertz. Higher the processors speed, the more instructions it can process in less time. It is also known as the central processing unit (CPU).
The CPU is directly socket on the motherboard. The form, design, speed and the implementations of the CPUs have changed dramatically but their basic functionalities are the same. Every CPU consists of the following two important components.
Arithmetic Logic Unit: It performs the logical and the arithmetic operations.
Control Unit: It extracts the instructions from memory and executes them.