Abahai, Reign titles Tien-tsung and Chung-te . 15921643.

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When the Mam people unified China and established the Ching Dynasty, they respected the culture of the Han people. So in the early Ching Dynasty, the influence on calligraphy styles by the late Ming Dynasty officers like Wang Duo ( ) and Fu San ( ) was prevalent.



In the early Ching Dynasty, Emperor Kun Shi ( ) favored Dong Chi-Tsun's calligraphy and many people studied Dong Chi-Tsun's calligraphy. At the same time, there were people against Dongs work because of his lack of masculine strength. Soon more people realized that Dong's calligraphy was not at top level in history and deep in spirits. They could never become great calligraphers even though they did as great as Dong did. Later, they switched to Zhao Meng-Fu who was renowned in the Yuan Dynasty but was also demeaned by some serious calligraphers. Nevertheless, the early Ching Dynastys calligraphy environment was deeply influenced by Zao Meng-Fu, Dong Chi-Tsun, Su Shu, and Huang Ting-Jian at large.



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